Syllabus for
BSc (Chemistry, Zoology/Honours/Honours with Research)
Academic Year  (2024)

Continuous internal assessment (CIA) forms 50% and the end semester examination forms the other 50% of the marks in both theory and practical. CIA marks are awarded based on their performance in assignments (written material to be submitted and valued), mid-semester test (MST), and class assignments (Quiz, presentations, problem solving etc.) The mid-semester examination and the end semester examination for each theory course will be for two and three hours duration respectively. The CIA for practical sessions is done on a day to day basis depending on their performance in the pre-lab, the conduct of the experiment, and presentation of lab reports. Only those students who qualify with minimum required attendance and CIA will be allowed to appear for the end semester examination.

The Department of Chemistry of CHRIST (Deemed to be University) aims at developing young talent for the chemical industry and academia. The curriculum is developed in such a way that the students are able to venture into allied fields too. The aim of the department through the programmes it offers is to provide “a cut above the rest” man-power to the ever growing demands of the industry and to prepare students for higher studies and research. The interactive method of teaching at Christ University is to bring about attitudinal changes to future professionals of the industry. Equal importance is given to practical and theoretical aspects apart from experiential and digital modes of learning. Industrial projects form an integral part of the curriculum. Along with the syllabus, the University emphasizes on Value Addition Programs like Current Affairs, Holistic Education, open elective programmes and Placement Training Programs, which include training students in group discussions, facing interviews and so on.

The Department of Life Sciences aims at developing talented individuals for the prosperity of society. The curriculum is designed in such a way that the students are able to apply the knowledge into practice. The aim of the department is to provide an on-hand training of practical knowledge to meet the demands of the industry and to prepare students for higher studies and research. The interactive method of teaching is to bring about attitudinal changes to future professionals of the industry. Equal importance is also given to practical and theoretical methods of learning apart from experiential and digital modes of learning. Projects form an integral part of the curriculum. Apart from the regular syllabus, the department offers Certificate Courses in gardening and herbal medicine, industry visit, field trips, and visits to places of important biodiversity reserves.

Vision

To ensure that the department of Chemistry of CHRIST (Deemed to be University) is a world leader in pioneering research to inspire and educate the students today and for the future in the concepts and skills of Chemistry

Mission

To develop proficient leaders of ethical values to contribute effectively to the nations growth.

The programme is offered to students opting for a BSc degree with a combination of Chemistry and Zoology and BSc (Chemistry Honours/Honours with Research) or BSc (Zoology Honours/Honours with Research). The programme leads the students to higher learning in chemical and biological sciences and contributes to the welfare of society. It is designed to help the students to understand the importance and judicious use of technology for the sustainable growth of mankind in synergy with nature. During the study of this programme, students will be trained to use an experimental learning strategy to integrate the program's laboratory and lecture components. This programme combines cutting-edge biology and chemical research with instruction practically and uniquely. The programme leads the students to higher learning in biological, and chemical sciences and contribute to the welfare of the society.

Programme Outcome/Programme Learning Goals/Programme Learning Outcome:

PO2: Develop logical and analytical skills in chemical sciences.

PO3: Exhibit professional skills to lead a successful career

Understanding animal diversity is a fundamental goal of zoological research, with far-reaching implications for science and conservation. This course will give students a modern perspective on animal diversity and an understanding of how the process of evolution has produced this diversity; explore this diversity from various perspectives and examine how the diversity of body plans can be understood in terms of the relationship between evolution and development. This course will include sessions that demonstrate approaches and techniques used to investigate animal diversity, emphasising that this is an active research field, as well as sessions that help students develop core skills within the context of the course.

Systematics; Natural and classical. Nomenclature: Binomial and Trinomial nomenclature; International rules of Zoological nomenclature (brief account); Mention new trends in systematics like Chemotaxonomy, Serotaxonomy, Cytotaxonomy, Numerical taxonomy (Phenetics), Cladistics (Phylogenetic systematics), Molecular systematics. 

Systematics; Natural and classical. Nomenclature: Binomial and Trinomial nomenclature; International rules of Zoological nomenclature (brief account); Mention new trends in systematics like Chemotaxonomy, Serotaxonomy, Cytotaxonomy, Numerical taxonomy (Phenetics), Cladistics (Phylogenetic systematics), Molecular systematics. 

Systematics; Natural and classical. Nomenclature: Binomial and Trinomial nomenclature; International rules of Zoological nomenclature (brief account); Mention new trends in systematics like Chemotaxonomy, Serotaxonomy, Cytotaxonomy, Numerical taxonomy (Phenetics), Cladistics (Phylogenetic systematics), Molecular systematics. 

Classification based on number of cells, tissue or organ system level of organisation, development of germ layers, development of symmetry, development of coelom, segmentation in the somite, development of mouth and digestive tract; Detailed classification of Kingdom Animalia with major and minor phyla 

Classification based on number of cells, tissue or organ system level of organisation, development of germ layers, development of symmetry, development of coelom, segmentation in the somite, development of mouth and digestive tract; Detailed classification of Kingdom Animalia with major and minor phyla 

Classification based on number of cells, tissue or organ system level of organisation, development of germ layers, development of symmetry, development of coelom, segmentation in the somite, development of mouth and digestive tract; Detailed classification of Kingdom Animalia with major and minor phyla 

Five kingdom classification of living organisms; Mention Cavalier-smith’s eight kingdom classification; Characteristic features and classification of Kingdom Protista down to phyla (Major phylum Rhizopoda, Dinoflagellata, Parabasilia, Apicomplexa, Ciliophora with examples). Type Study: Plasmodium: Morphology and structural organization; locomotion, nutrition, excretion, osmoregulation and reproduction; conjugation.

Five kingdom classification of living organisms; Mention Cavalier-smith’s eight kingdom classification; Characteristic features and classification of Kingdom Protista down to phyla (Major phylum Rhizopoda, Dinoflagellata, Parabasilia, Apicomplexa, Ciliophora with examples). Type Study: Plasmodium: Morphology and structural organization; locomotion, nutrition, excretion, osmoregulation and reproduction; conjugation.

Five kingdom classification of living organisms; Mention Cavalier-smith’s eight kingdom classification; Characteristic features and classification of Kingdom Protista down to phyla (Major phylum Rhizopoda, Dinoflagellata, Parabasilia, Apicomplexa, Ciliophora with examples). Type Study: Plasmodium: Morphology and structural organization; locomotion, nutrition, excretion, osmoregulation and reproduction; conjugation.

General characters and classification down to classes; Type study: Sycon: Spicules; Cell types; Canal system 

General characters and classification down to classes; Type study: Sycon: Spicules; Cell types; Canal system 

General characters and classification down to classes; Type study: Sycon: Spicules; Cell types; Canal system 

General characters and classification down to classes of each phylum; Polymorphism in Halistemma; evolutionary significance of Ctenophora Type study: Obelia and Taenia solium (Morphology and life cycle, Parasitic adaptations) 

General characters and classification down to classes of each phylum; Polymorphism in Halistemma; evolutionary significance of Ctenophora Type study: Obelia and Taenia solium (Morphology and life cycle, Parasitic adaptations) 

General characters and classification down to classes of each phylum; Polymorphism in Halistemma; evolutionary significance of Ctenophora Type study: Obelia and Taenia solium (Morphology and life cycle, Parasitic adaptations) 

General characters and classification down to classes; pathogenicity and prophylaxis of Ascaris lumbricoides and its parasitic adaptations. 

General characters and classification down to classes; pathogenicity and prophylaxis of Ascaris lumbricoides and its parasitic adaptations. 

General characters and classification down to classes; pathogenicity and prophylaxis of Ascaris lumbricoides and its parasitic adaptations. 

General characters and classification up to classes of each phylum; evolution of coelom; metamerism in Annelida; evolutionary significance of trochophore larva; vision in Arthropoda, metamorphosis and moulting in insects; foot & shell modification in Mollusca Type study: Earthworm, Penaeus indicus; Pila globosa

General characters and classification up to classes of each phylum; evolution of coelom; metamerism in Annelida; evolutionary significance of trochophore larva; vision in Arthropoda, metamorphosis and moulting in insects; foot & shell modification in Mollusca Type study: Earthworm, Penaeus indicus; Pila globosa

General characters and classification up to classes of each phylum; evolution of coelom; metamerism in Annelida; evolutionary significance of trochophore larva; vision in Arthropoda, metamorphosis and moulting in insects; foot & shell modification in Mollusca Type study: Earthworm, Penaeus indicus; Pila globosa

General characters and classification up to classes; water-vascular system in Asteroidea; affinities of Balanoglossus with Chordata and Nonchordata.

General characters and classification up to classes; water-vascular system in Asteroidea; affinities of Balanoglossus with Chordata and Nonchordata.

General characters and classification up to classes; water-vascular system in Asteroidea; affinities of Balanoglossus with Chordata and Nonchordata.

2. Ruppert and Barnes, R.D. (2006). Invertebrate Zoology, VIII Edition. Holt Saunders International Edition.

2. Prakash Puranik, Asha Bhate. Animal forms and functions: invertebrata. Sarup & Sons, 2007

3. F A Mandal. Biology of Non-Chordates. PHI Learning Pvt. Ltd., 01-Nov-2017

4. Hall B.K. and Hallgrimsson B. (2008). Strickberger’s Evolution. IV Edition. Jones and Bartlett Publishers Inc.

5. RL Kotpal Invertebrates 12 th edition,

6. P S Verma and E L Jordon (2009) Invertebrate Zoology 

7. RL Kotpal A text book of Animal diversity, Rastogi publications

● CIA 1: 10%

● CIA 2 (Mid Semester Examination): 25% (50 marks)

● CIA 3: 10 %

● Attendance: 5 %

CIA total: 50 marks

End Semester examination: 100 marks (50%)

Question pattern:

● Question 1 - 20 marks - No internal choice

● Question 2 - 20 Marks - No internal choice

● Question 3- 20 Marks - No internal choice

● Question 4- 20 Marks - With internal choice

● Question 5- 20 Marks - With internal choice

This lab course is designed to provide students with hands-on experience examining a wide breadth of animals representing different animal phyla. By closely examining live and preserved specimens students will gain a strong understanding and appreciation for the wide diversity in animal life cycles, body morphology and adaptations. 

1. Study of microscopes (simple and compound).

2. Methods for collection and preservation of invertebrate animals

3. Methods for the preparation of permanent and temporary mounting.

4. Study of museum specimens: Amoeba, Euglena, Paramecium, Sycon, Euplectella, Obelia, Physalia, Aurelia, Taenia solium, Faciola hepatica, Male and female Ascaris lumbricoides, Aphrodite, Nereis, Palaemon, Scolopendra, Apis, Chiton, Dentalium, Pila, Pentaceros, Cucumaria, Balanoglossus

5. Spicules and gemmules in sponges

6. Anatomical features of Prawn – nervous system, ovary, appendages (Pictures/ photographs/ slides only)

7. Anatomical features of Cockroach – mouthparts, reproductive organs, salivary glands (Pictures/ photographs/ slides only):

8. Identification of Insect Orders

9. Anatomical features of Earthworm – Setae (Pictures/ photographs/ slides only):

10. Parasitic adaptations of T. solium and A. lumbricodes

1. Study of microscopes (simple and compound).

2. Methods for collection and preservation of invertebrate animals

3. Methods for the preparation of permanent and temporary mounting.

4. Study of museum specimens: Amoeba, Euglena, Paramecium, Sycon, Euplectella, Obelia, Physalia, Aurelia, Taenia solium, Faciola hepatica, Male and female Ascaris lumbricoides, Aphrodite, Nereis, Palaemon, Scolopendra, Apis, Chiton, Dentalium, Pila, Pentaceros, Cucumaria, Balanoglossus

5. Spicules and gemmules in sponges

6. Anatomical features of Prawn – nervous system, ovary, appendages (Pictures/ photographs/ slides only)

7. Anatomical features of Cockroach – mouthparts, reproductive organs, salivary glands (Pictures/ photographs/ slides only):

8. Identification of Insect Orders

9. Anatomical features of Earthworm – Setae (Pictures/ photographs/ slides only):

10. Parasitic adaptations of T. solium and A. lumbricodes

1. Study of microscopes (simple and compound).

2. Methods for collection and preservation of invertebrate animals

3. Methods for the preparation of permanent and temporary mounting.

4. Study of museum specimens: Amoeba, Euglena, Paramecium, Sycon, Euplectella, Obelia, Physalia, Aurelia, Taenia solium, Faciola hepatica, Male and female Ascaris lumbricoides, Aphrodite, Nereis, Palaemon, Scolopendra, Apis, Chiton, Dentalium, Pila, Pentaceros, Cucumaria, Balanoglossus

5. Spicules and gemmules in sponges

6. Anatomical features of Prawn – nervous system, ovary, appendages (Pictures/ photographs/ slides only)

7. Anatomical features of Cockroach – mouthparts, reproductive organs, salivary glands (Pictures/ photographs/ slides only):

8. Identification of Insect Orders

9. Anatomical features of Earthworm – Setae (Pictures/ photographs/ slides only):

10. Parasitic adaptations of T. solium and A. lumbricodes

2. Ruppert and Barnes, R.D. (2006). Invertebrate Zoology, VIII Edition. Holt Saunders International Edition.

2. S.S. Lal, PRACTICAL ZOOLOGY, 1st Edition, 2017-18, Rastogi Publications, Verma P S Advanced Practical Zoology, S Chand & Co Ltd.

3. PS Verma, A Manual of Practical Zoology: Invertebrates, C. CHAND Publications

● Performance (CIA1): 20%

● CIA 2 (Mid Semester Examination): 20% (40 marks)

● Record:  10% CIA total: 50 marks (50%)

End Semester examination: 50  marks (50%)

END SEMESTER QUESTION PATTERN

Animal Diversity-I Lab (BLS112-1)

Programme Name: BtZ/LIF/CZ Max. Marks: 50

Course Name: Animal diversity I (Non-chordata) Lab Time: 3 Hrs

Course Code: BLS112-1

Question Paper Pattern

1. Identify, classify and comment on A, B, C, D & E with neat labeled diagrams (5 x

5 = 25 marks)

(Any 5 - Amoeba, Euglena, Paramecium, Sycon, Euplectella, Obelia, Physalia, Aurelia, Taenia solium,

Faciola hepatica, Male and female Ascaris lumbricoides, Aphrodite, Nereis, Palaemon, Scolopendra, Apis,

Chiton, Dentalium, Pila, Pentaceros, Cucumaria, Balanoglossus)

(Identification 1, Diagram – 2, Comment with classification 2 for each spotter)

2. Identify and comment on the anatomical features of F & G with neat labeled

diagrams (5x2=10 marks)

(any 2 of the following: Anatomical features of Prawn – nervous system, ovary, appendages; Anatomical

features of Cockroach – mouthparts, reproductive organs, salivary glands; Anatomical features of

Earthworm – Setae )

(Identification 1, Diagram – 2, Comment with classification 2 for each spotter)

3. Identify H and comment on its parasitic adaptations with neat labeled

diagram (1x5=5 marks)

(any one of the following: T. solium and A. lumbricoides)

(Identification 1, Diagram – 2, Comment - 2)

4. Write a details procedure on collection and preservation of invertebrate animals or

preparation of permanent and temporary mounting. (1x5=5 marks)

5. Identify and comment on I (1x5= 5 marks)

(any one of the following: Simple or compound microscope or Spicules and gemmules in

sponges or Insect order).

(Identification 1, Diagram – 2, Comment - 2)

To learn the basic principles, themes and steps needed to set-up and maintain an aquarium. This course will introduce students about the basic principles, themes and steps needed to set-up and manage a fish aquarium; explore various theoretical and practical approaches to aquarium keeping. This course will include sessions that emphasising that Aquarium keeping is an active field of entrepreneurship, as well as sessions that help students develop core skills within the context of the course.

Scope of Aquarium Fish industry as a Cottage Industry, Different varieties of exotic and indigenous fishes. Principles of a balanced aquarium; Fabrication, setting up and maintenance of freshwater and marine aquarium.  Aquarium accessories and decorative.

Scope of Aquarium Fish industry as a Cottage Industry, Different varieties of exotic and indigenous fishes. Principles of a balanced aquarium; Fabrication, setting up and maintenance of freshwater and marine aquarium.  Aquarium accessories and decorative.

Scope of Aquarium Fish industry as a Cottage Industry, Different varieties of exotic and indigenous fishes. Principles of a balanced aquarium; Fabrication, setting up and maintenance of freshwater and marine aquarium.  Aquarium accessories and decorative.

Scope of Aquarium Fish industry as a Cottage Industry, Different varieties of exotic and indigenous fishes. Principles of a balanced aquarium; Fabrication, setting up and maintenance of freshwater and marine aquarium.  Aquarium accessories and decorative.

Breeding and rearing of ornamental fishes. Broodstock management. Application of genetics and biotechnology for producing quality strains. Common characters and sexual dimorphism of Fresh water and Marine Aquarium fishes such as Molly, Sword tail, Gold fish, Angel fish, blue morph, Anemone fish and Butterfly fish.

Breeding and rearing of ornamental fishes. Broodstock management. Application of genetics and biotechnology for producing quality strains. Common characters and sexual dimorphism of Fresh water and Marine Aquarium fishes such as Molly, Sword tail, Gold fish, Angel fish, blue morph, Anemone fish and Butterfly fish.

Breeding and rearing of ornamental fishes. Broodstock management. Application of genetics and biotechnology for producing quality strains. Common characters and sexual dimorphism of Fresh water and Marine Aquarium fishes such as Molly, Sword tail, Gold fish, Angel fish, blue morph, Anemone fish and Butterfly fish.

Breeding and rearing of ornamental fishes. Broodstock management. Application of genetics and biotechnology for producing quality strains. Common characters and sexual dimorphism of Fresh water and Marine Aquarium fishes such as Molly, Sword tail, Gold fish, Angel fish, blue morph, Anemone fish and Butterfly fish.

Diversity of ornamental plants in India; identification, importance, propagation and maintenance of ornamental plants;Lighting and aeration

Diversity of ornamental plants in India; identification, importance, propagation and maintenance of ornamental plants;Lighting and aeration

Diversity of ornamental plants in India; identification, importance, propagation and maintenance of ornamental plants;Lighting and aeration

Diversity of ornamental plants in India; identification, importance, propagation and maintenance of ornamental plants;Lighting and aeration

Common physical, chemical and biological parameters of water affecting ornamental fishes, Management of water quality parameters of water.Water filteration system-biological, mechanical and chemical. Types of filters.

Common physical, chemical and biological parameters of water affecting ornamental fishes, Management of water quality parameters of water.Water filteration system-biological, mechanical and chemical. Types of filters.

Common physical, chemical and biological parameters of water affecting ornamental fishes, Management of water quality parameters of water.Water filteration system-biological, mechanical and chemical. Types of filters.

Common physical, chemical and biological parameters of water affecting ornamental fishes, Management of water quality parameters of water.Water filteration system-biological, mechanical and chemical. Types of filters.

Nutritional requirements of aquarium fishes; Different kinds of feeds; Preparation of dry feeds Aquarium fish feeds. Dry, wet and live feeds. 

Nutritional requirements of aquarium fishes; Different kinds of feeds; Preparation of dry feeds Aquarium fish feeds. Dry, wet and live feeds. 

Nutritional requirements of aquarium fishes; Different kinds of feeds; Preparation of dry feeds Aquarium fish feeds. Dry, wet and live feeds. 

Nutritional requirements of aquarium fishes; Different kinds of feeds; Preparation of dry feeds Aquarium fish feeds. Dry, wet and live feeds. 

Common diseases and their control; Conditioning, packing, transport and quarantine methods. Trade regulations and wildlife act in relation to ornamental fishes.

Common diseases and their control; Conditioning, packing, transport and quarantine methods. Trade regulations and wildlife act in relation to ornamental fishes.

Common diseases and their control; Conditioning, packing, transport and quarantine methods. Trade regulations and wildlife act in relation to ornamental fishes.

Common diseases and their control; Conditioning, packing, transport and quarantine methods. Trade regulations and wildlife act in relation to ornamental fishes.

1. Aquarium : Fish Keeping C B L Srivastava Published by Kitab Mahal. 

2. Aquariums: The Complete Guide to Freshwater and Saltwater Aquariums, Jan 2009 by Thierry Maitre-alain, Chrisitan Piednoir.

Internal assesement (100 %)

Internal Assessment: CIA 1(Quiz/ Tests/ MCQs/ Assignments) - 20 marks; CIA 2 (Midsemester Examination) Theory and Practical - 60 marks; CIA 3 (Quiz/ Tests/ MCQs/ Assignments - 20 marks) 

Internal Assessment (Test) Theory and Practical - 100 marks

Both the assessments will be scaled down to 50

This course will introduce students about the basic concepts of origin and growth of sericulture and sericulture as science; explore various theoretical and practical approach of mulberry cultivation and silkworm rearing. This course will include sessions that emphasising that Sericulture is an active field of research and entrepreneurship, as well as sessions that help students develop core skills within the context of the course.

Sericulture: Definition, history and present status; Silk route: Types of silkworms (Tasar, Muga, and Eri) and their food plants, Mulberry and non-mulberry Sericulture

Sericulture: Definition, history and present status; Silk route: Types of silkworms (Tasar, Muga, and Eri) and their food plants, Mulberry and non-mulberry Sericulture

Sericulture: Definition, history and present status; Silk route: Types of silkworms (Tasar, Muga, and Eri) and their food plants, Mulberry and non-mulberry Sericulture

Sericulture: Definition, history and present status; Silk route: Types of silkworms (Tasar, Muga, and Eri) and their food plants, Mulberry and non-mulberry Sericulture

Morphology and Life cycle of Bombyx mori, Structure of silk gland and secretion of silk.

Morphology and Life cycle of Bombyx mori, Structure of silk gland and secretion of silk.

Morphology and Life cycle of Bombyx mori, Structure of silk gland and secretion of silk.

Morphology and Life cycle of Bombyx mori, Structure of silk gland and secretion of silk.

Botanical description of mulberry. Economic importance of mulberry Plant; Morphology of mulberry plant; Different cultivars of mulberry; Floral biology of mulberry: Structure of male and female flowers, Planting system, pruning and training, propagation, irrigation, fertilizer application, manuring, composting, vermicomposting weeding method; Diseases of mulberry Leaf (Leaf spot, Powdery mildew, Leaf Rust, Leaf blight), root (root rot disease, root knot disease) and pest management (Mealy bug, Bihar hairy caterpillar, Jassid, Leaf roller, Scale insect, Termites and mites their preventive and control measures).

Botanical description of mulberry. Economic importance of mulberry Plant; Morphology of mulberry plant; Different cultivars of mulberry; Floral biology of mulberry: Structure of male and female flowers, Planting system, pruning and training, propagation, irrigation, fertilizer application, manuring, composting, vermicomposting weeding method; Diseases of mulberry Leaf (Leaf spot, Powdery mildew, Leaf Rust, Leaf blight), root (root rot disease, root knot disease) and pest management (Mealy bug, Bihar hairy caterpillar, Jassid, Leaf roller, Scale insect, Termites and mites their preventive and control measures).

Botanical description of mulberry. Economic importance of mulberry Plant; Morphology of mulberry plant; Different cultivars of mulberry; Floral biology of mulberry: Structure of male and female flowers, Planting system, pruning and training, propagation, irrigation, fertilizer application, manuring, composting, vermicomposting weeding method; Diseases of mulberry Leaf (Leaf spot, Powdery mildew, Leaf Rust, Leaf blight), root (root rot disease, root knot disease) and pest management (Mealy bug, Bihar hairy caterpillar, Jassid, Leaf roller, Scale insect, Termites and mites their preventive and control measures).

Botanical description of mulberry. Economic importance of mulberry Plant; Morphology of mulberry plant; Different cultivars of mulberry; Floral biology of mulberry: Structure of male and female flowers, Planting system, pruning and training, propagation, irrigation, fertilizer application, manuring, composting, vermicomposting weeding method; Diseases of mulberry Leaf (Leaf spot, Powdery mildew, Leaf Rust, Leaf blight), root (root rot disease, root knot disease) and pest management (Mealy bug, Bihar hairy caterpillar, Jassid, Leaf roller, Scale insect, Termites and mites their preventive and control measures).

Mulberry cultivation, Selection of land and establishment of mulberry garden, Different methods of planting –Organic and inorganic manure application, Rearing house and rearing appliances- Egg transportation and incubation –Egg handling – Hatching –Brushing –Silk worm rearing techniques

Disinfectants: Formalin, bleaching powder, Resham Keet Oushadh (RKO) Silkworm rearing technology: Early age and Late age rearing Types of mountages, Spinning, harvesting and storage of cocoons. 

Reeling methods – Reeling and Re-reeling –Silk examination, cleaning, lacing, bookmaking and grading of silk. Field visit to silk worm rearing centre and reeling industry.

Mulberry cultivation, Selection of land and establishment of mulberry garden, Different methods of planting –Organic and inorganic manure application, Rearing house and rearing appliances- Egg transportation and incubation –Egg handling – Hatching –Brushing –Silk worm rearing techniques

Disinfectants: Formalin, bleaching powder, Resham Keet Oushadh (RKO) Silkworm rearing technology: Early age and Late age rearing Types of mountages, Spinning, harvesting and storage of cocoons. 

Reeling methods – Reeling and Re-reeling –Silk examination, cleaning, lacing, bookmaking and grading of silk. Field visit to silk worm rearing centre and reeling industry.

Mulberry cultivation, Selection of land and establishment of mulberry garden, Different methods of planting –Organic and inorganic manure application, Rearing house and rearing appliances- Egg transportation and incubation –Egg handling – Hatching –Brushing –Silk worm rearing techniques

Disinfectants: Formalin, bleaching powder, Resham Keet Oushadh (RKO) Silkworm rearing technology: Early age and Late age rearing Types of mountages, Spinning, harvesting and storage of cocoons. 

Reeling methods – Reeling and Re-reeling –Silk examination, cleaning, lacing, bookmaking and grading of silk. Field visit to silk worm rearing centre and reeling industry.

Mulberry cultivation, Selection of land and establishment of mulberry garden, Different methods of planting –Organic and inorganic manure application, Rearing house and rearing appliances- Egg transportation and incubation –Egg handling – Hatching –Brushing –Silk worm rearing techniques

Disinfectants: Formalin, bleaching powder, Resham Keet Oushadh (RKO) Silkworm rearing technology: Early age and Late age rearing Types of mountages, Spinning, harvesting and storage of cocoons. 

Reeling methods – Reeling and Re-reeling –Silk examination, cleaning, lacing, bookmaking and grading of silk. Field visit to silk worm rearing centre and reeling industry.

Pests of silkworm: Uzi fly, dermestid beetles and vertebrates Pathogenesis of silkworm diseases: Protozoan, viral, fungal and bacterial Control and prevention of pests and diseases.

Pests of silkworm: Uzi fly, dermestid beetles and vertebrates Pathogenesis of silkworm diseases: Protozoan, viral, fungal and bacterial Control and prevention of pests and diseases.

Pests of silkworm: Uzi fly, dermestid beetles and vertebrates Pathogenesis of silkworm diseases: Protozoan, viral, fungal and bacterial Control and prevention of pests and diseases.

Pests of silkworm: Uzi fly, dermestid beetles and vertebrates Pathogenesis of silkworm diseases: Protozoan, viral, fungal and bacterial Control and prevention of pests and diseases.

1. Text Book of Tropical Sericulture. Publ., Japan Overseas Corporation volunteers – 1975. 

2. Silkworm Rearing Techniques in the Tropics, Dr. S. Omura, Japan International Cooperation Agency, 1980. 

3. Muga Silk Industry by S. N. Choudhary, Directorate of Sericulture and weaving, Govt. of Assam, 1982. 

1. The natures and property of soils (9th edition) N. C. Brady (Mac Millan pub. Co. Inc., New York.

2. Studies on soils of India, S. V. Govind Rajan and H. G. Gopala Rao (1970), Vikas Publ. House Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi.

3. Handbook of Practical Sericulture: S.R. Ullal and M.N. Narasimhanna CSB, Bangalore  

4. Appropriate Sericultural Techniques; Ed. M. S. Jolly, Director, CSR & TI, Mysore.  

5. Handbook of Silkworm Rearing: Agriculture and Technical Manual-1, Fuzi Pub. Co. Ltd., Tokyo, Japan1972.  

6. Manual of Silkworm Egg Production; M. N. Narasimhanna, CSB, Bangalore 1988.  

7. Silkworm Rearing; Wupang—Chun and Chen Da-Chung, Pub. By FAO, Rome 1988. 

8. Tasar culture. Dr. M. S. Jolly et. al., CSB, 1974.

Internal Assessment: CIA 1(Quiz/ Tests/ MCQs/ Assignments) - 20 marks; CIA 2 (Midsemester Examination) 60 marks; CIA 3 (Quiz/ Tests/ MCQs/ Assignments - 20 marks)

Internal Final Assessment: Theory and Practical - 100 marks

Both the assessments will be scaled down to 100

This course begins with a brief history of apiculture and its importance. Concise information on the equipment needed, handling of honey bee colonies, seasonal management, and economics has been provided. Because this course includes both theory and practice, the reading material is simple and to the point, which will aid them in learning practical beekeeping more effectively.

Honey bee species and identification: Introduction to honey bee; Origin, systematics and distribution; Types of honey bees, Species of honey bees. Bee identification

Honey bee species and identification: Introduction to honey bee; Origin, systematics and distribution; Types of honey bees, Species of honey bees. Bee identification

Honey bee species and identification: Introduction to honey bee; Origin, systematics and distribution; Types of honey bees, Species of honey bees. Bee identification

Honey bee species and identification: Introduction to honey bee; Origin, systematics and distribution; Types of honey bees, Species of honey bees. Bee identification

Basic requirements for starting bee keeping: Getting Started in Beekeeping - Land and Buildings, Equipments and supplies - Vehicle, hives; Seasonal management of honey bees: Honey bees on Canola, Spring management of bees, Wintering bees, Apiary management for winter/early spring pollination. Summer management honey production; Queen rearing and colony multiplication: Raising honey bee queens. Developmental stages of queen bee, Requirements for rearing good queens, Methods of rearing queens, Hopkins Method, Alley Method, Miller Method, Dequeening Method, Raising Queen on double and Whole Brood Comb.

Basic requirements for starting bee keeping: Getting Started in Beekeeping - Land and Buildings, Equipments and supplies - Vehicle, hives; Seasonal management of honey bees: Honey bees on Canola, Spring management of bees, Wintering bees, Apiary management for winter/early spring pollination. Summer management honey production; Queen rearing and colony multiplication: Raising honey bee queens. Developmental stages of queen bee, Requirements for rearing good queens, Methods of rearing queens, Hopkins Method, Alley Method, Miller Method, Dequeening Method, Raising Queen on double and Whole Brood Comb.

Basic requirements for starting bee keeping: Getting Started in Beekeeping - Land and Buildings, Equipments and supplies - Vehicle, hives; Seasonal management of honey bees: Honey bees on Canola, Spring management of bees, Wintering bees, Apiary management for winter/early spring pollination. Summer management honey production; Queen rearing and colony multiplication: Raising honey bee queens. Developmental stages of queen bee, Requirements for rearing good queens, Methods of rearing queens, Hopkins Method, Alley Method, Miller Method, Dequeening Method, Raising Queen on double and Whole Brood Comb.

Basic requirements for starting bee keeping: Getting Started in Beekeeping - Land and Buildings, Equipments and supplies - Vehicle, hives; Seasonal management of honey bees: Honey bees on Canola, Spring management of bees, Wintering bees, Apiary management for winter/early spring pollination. Summer management honey production; Queen rearing and colony multiplication: Raising honey bee queens. Developmental stages of queen bee, Requirements for rearing good queens, Methods of rearing queens, Hopkins Method, Alley Method, Miller Method, Dequeening Method, Raising Queen on double and Whole Brood Comb.

Bee enemies  - Wax Moth, Ants, Wasps, Microorganisms, Pests. Diagnosis and Identification; Bacterial, viral, fungal & protozoan diseases: Bacterial disease - American Foulbrood, European Foulbrood, Viral disease - Deformed Wing Virus, Sacbrood Viru, Black Queen Cell Virus, Kashmir Bee Virus, Acute Bee Paralysis Virus; Fungal disease - Chalkbrood, Stonebrood; Protozoan disease - Nosemosis, Nosema cerana; Pesticide poisoning of bees and mitigation: Definition of pesticides, types of pesticides and their length of residual toxicity, Pesticides and pollinators, Toxicity to bees – Honey bee health, Colony collapse disorder

Bee enemies  - Wax Moth, Ants, Wasps, Microorganisms, Pests. Diagnosis and Identification; Bacterial, viral, fungal & protozoan diseases: Bacterial disease - American Foulbrood, European Foulbrood, Viral disease - Deformed Wing Virus, Sacbrood Viru, Black Queen Cell Virus, Kashmir Bee Virus, Acute Bee Paralysis Virus; Fungal disease - Chalkbrood, Stonebrood; Protozoan disease - Nosemosis, Nosema cerana; Pesticide poisoning of bees and mitigation: Definition of pesticides, types of pesticides and their length of residual toxicity, Pesticides and pollinators, Toxicity to bees – Honey bee health, Colony collapse disorder

Bee enemies  - Wax Moth, Ants, Wasps, Microorganisms, Pests. Diagnosis and Identification; Bacterial, viral, fungal & protozoan diseases: Bacterial disease - American Foulbrood, European Foulbrood, Viral disease - Deformed Wing Virus, Sacbrood Viru, Black Queen Cell Virus, Kashmir Bee Virus, Acute Bee Paralysis Virus; Fungal disease - Chalkbrood, Stonebrood; Protozoan disease - Nosemosis, Nosema cerana; Pesticide poisoning of bees and mitigation: Definition of pesticides, types of pesticides and their length of residual toxicity, Pesticides and pollinators, Toxicity to bees – Honey bee health, Colony collapse disorder

Bee enemies  - Wax Moth, Ants, Wasps, Microorganisms, Pests. Diagnosis and Identification; Bacterial, viral, fungal & protozoan diseases: Bacterial disease - American Foulbrood, European Foulbrood, Viral disease - Deformed Wing Virus, Sacbrood Viru, Black Queen Cell Virus, Kashmir Bee Virus, Acute Bee Paralysis Virus; Fungal disease - Chalkbrood, Stonebrood; Protozoan disease - Nosemosis, Nosema cerana; Pesticide poisoning of bees and mitigation: Definition of pesticides, types of pesticides and their length of residual toxicity, Pesticides and pollinators, Toxicity to bees – Honey bee health, Colony collapse disorder

Bee products (honey, pollen, royal jelly, bees wax, propolis & venom) and their significance; Value added honey products; Economics of bee keeping, Economic Value of Commercial Beekeeping; Marketing of bee products (honey comb and honey, pollination services, wax, propolis, pollen, royal jelly, Bee venom, adult and larval bees.

Bee products (honey, pollen, royal jelly, bees wax, propolis & venom) and their significance; Value added honey products; Economics of bee keeping, Economic Value of Commercial Beekeeping; Marketing of bee products (honey comb and honey, pollination services, wax, propolis, pollen, royal jelly, Bee venom, adult and larval bees.

Bee products (honey, pollen, royal jelly, bees wax, propolis & venom) and their significance; Value added honey products; Economics of bee keeping, Economic Value of Commercial Beekeeping; Marketing of bee products (honey comb and honey, pollination services, wax, propolis, pollen, royal jelly, Bee venom, adult and larval bees.

Bee products (honey, pollen, royal jelly, bees wax, propolis & venom) and their significance; Value added honey products; Economics of bee keeping, Economic Value of Commercial Beekeeping; Marketing of bee products (honey comb and honey, pollination services, wax, propolis, pollen, royal jelly, Bee venom, adult and larval bees.

Internal Assessment: CIA 1(Quiz/ Tests/ MCQs/ Assignments) - 20 marks; CIA 2 (Midsemester Examination) 60 marks; CIA 3 (Quiz/ Tests/ MCQs/ Assignments - 20 marks)

Internal Final Assessment: Theory and Practical - 100 marks

Both the assessments will be scaled down to 100

 The present course deals with the study of microbes, fungi and algae and the diseases caused in plants. The units of Phycology and Mycology deals with the general characters, thallus organization, morphology and life cycles of different algae and fungi. It also discusses the diseases caused in plants and evaluates the symptoms, causal agents and control measures of infected plants and other microbial diseases.

Basic introduction about the microbial diversity

Basic introduction about the microbial diversity

 Discovery; Physiochemical and biological characteristics; Classification (including Baltimore’s); Replication, Lytic and Lysogenic cycle; Structure of DNA virus (bacteriophage T4), RNA virus (TMV), Oncogenic virus (HIV); Symptoms, transmission and management of diseases caused by viruses in plants and in animals-with special reference to Mosaics and Vein clearing; and Dengue and AIDS 

 Discovery; Physiochemical and biological characteristics; Classification (including Baltimore’s); Replication, Lytic and Lysogenic cycle; Structure of DNA virus (bacteriophage T4), RNA virus (TMV), Oncogenic virus (HIV); Symptoms, transmission and management of diseases caused by viruses in plants and in animals-with special reference to Mosaics and Vein clearing; and Dengue and AIDS 

Discovery of bacteria; Ecology and distribution; General structure; Comparison of Archaea and Eubacteria; Wall-less forms (L-forms, Mycoplasma, Protoplasts and Sphaeroplasts) Nutrition; Reproduction–vegetative, asexual and recombination; Economic importance; Symptoms, transmission and management of diseases caused by bacteria and mycoplasma on plants; Detailed study of two diseases each on plants (with special reference to: Crown gall and Citrus canker), and on animals (with special reference to: Tuberculosis and Cholera).

Discovery of bacteria; Ecology and distribution; General structure; Comparison of Archaea and Eubacteria; Wall-less forms (L-forms, Mycoplasma, Protoplasts and Sphaeroplasts) Nutrition; Reproduction–vegetative, asexual and recombination; Economic importance; Symptoms, transmission and management of diseases caused by bacteria and mycoplasma on plants; Detailed study of two diseases each on plants (with special reference to: Crown gall and Citrus canker), and on animals (with special reference to: Tuberculosis and Cholera).

 General characteristics; Ecology and distribution (with reference to distribution in Indian peninsula); Range of thallus organization and reproduction; Basic criteria used in classification (Fritsch, 1945); Important classes in relation to Applied Phycology listed below Cyanophyceae- Nostoc Chlorophyceae- Chlamydomonas, Volvox, ChlorellaBacillariophyceae-Diatoms Phaeophyceae- Sargassum and Rhodophyceae- Gracilaria

 General characteristics; Ecology and distribution (with reference to distribution in Indian peninsula); Range of thallus organization and reproduction; Basic criteria used in classification (Fritsch, 1945); Important classes in relation to Applied Phycology listed below Cyanophyceae- Nostoc Chlorophyceae- Chlamydomonas, Volvox, ChlorellaBacillariophyceae-Diatoms Phaeophyceae- Sargassum and Rhodophyceae- Gracilaria

 General characteristics; Ecology and distribution; Range of thallus organization; Cell structure; Wall composition; Nutrition; Growth; Reproduction and spores; Heterokaryosis and parasexuality; Basic criteria used in classification. Myxomycetes: General characteristics; Ecology and significance (Physarum as an experimental tool); Oomycetes: General characteristics; Ecology and significance; Thallus organization, Reproduction; Life cycle of Albugo. Life cycle of Rhizopus (Zygomycetes), Peziza (Ascomycetes) Puccinia, (Basidiomycetes) and Alternaria (Deuteromycetes), Symptoms, transmission and management of fungal diseases on plants; Two diseases each on plants (with special reference to Rust of wheat and Early blight of potato), and on humans (with special reference to Candidiasis and Dermatophytes to be studied in detail). Associations of Fungi: Lichens: General account; Reproduction; Mycorrhizae: General account and its significance.

 General characteristics; Ecology and distribution; Range of thallus organization; Cell structure; Wall composition; Nutrition; Growth; Reproduction and spores; Heterokaryosis and parasexuality; Basic criteria used in classification. Myxomycetes: General characteristics; Ecology and significance (Physarum as an experimental tool); Oomycetes: General characteristics; Ecology and significance; Thallus organization, Reproduction; Life cycle of Albugo. Life cycle of Rhizopus (Zygomycetes), Peziza (Ascomycetes) Puccinia, (Basidiomycetes) and Alternaria (Deuteromycetes), Symptoms, transmission and management of fungal diseases on plants; Two diseases each on plants (with special reference to Rust of wheat and Early blight of potato), and on humans (with special reference to Candidiasis and Dermatophytes to be studied in detail). Associations of Fungi: Lichens: General account; Reproduction; Mycorrhizae: General account and its significance.

2. Prescott's Microbiology by Willey, Joanne; Sherwood, Linda; Woolverton, Chris, 8th edition (2011) McGraw Hill.

Pearson.

2. Sharma, PD (2005). Fungi and Allied Organisms, Narosa Publishing House, New Delhi.

3. Alexopoulos, C.J., Mims, C.W. and Blackwell, M. (1996) Introductory Mycology, John

Wiley & Sons, Inc. USA.

4. Webster J. and Weber, R.W.S; (2007) Introduction to Fungi (3rd Edition) Cambridge Univ.

Paress, U.K.

5. Fritsch F.E. 1935, 45 (Vol. I & II) The structure and reproduction of the Algae. Vikas

Publishing House Ltd. Delhi

6. Sahoo Dinabandhu. 2000. Farming the ocean Aravali International, Delhi

CIA2: 50%

CI3: 20%

Attendance: 10%

End Semester Exam: 100 Marks

In this introductory paper, the students acquire knowledge of the basic concepts of Physical, Organic, and Inorganic Chemistry. 

Prelearning topics: Bohr’s theory and its limitations, Black body radiation, dual behaviour of matter and radiation, de Broglie’s relation, Heisenberg Uncertainty principle. Hydrogen atom spectra. Need of a new approach to Atomic structure.

Quantum mechanics: Postulates of quantum mechanics, Introduction, time independent Schrodinger equation and meaning of various terms in it. Significance of ψ and ψ², Schrödinger equation for hydrogen atom. Radial and angular parts of the hydrogenic wave functions (atomic orbitals) and their variations for 1s, 2s, 2p, 3s, 3p and 3d orbitals (Only graphical representation). Radial and angular nodes and their significance. Radial distribution functions and the concept of the most probable distance with special reference to 1s and 2s atomic orbitals. Significance of quantum numbers, orbital angular momentum and quantum numbers ml and ms. Shapes of s, p and d atomic orbitals, nodal planes. Discovery of spin, spin quantum number (s) and magnetic spin quantum number (ms). Effective nuclear charge. Slater's Rules. *Stability of half-filled and completely filled orbitals,*concept of exchange energy. Relative energies of atomic orbitals, Anomalous electronic configurations.

Prelearning topics: Bohr’s theory and its limitations, Black body radiation, dual behaviour of matter and radiation, de Broglie’s relation, Heisenberg Uncertainty principle. Hydrogen atom spectra. Need of a new approach to Atomic structure.

Quantum mechanics: Postulates of quantum mechanics, Introduction, time independent Schrodinger equation and meaning of various terms in it. Significance of ψ and ψ², Schrödinger equation for hydrogen atom. Radial and angular parts of the hydrogenic wave functions (atomic orbitals) and their variations for 1s, 2s, 2p, 3s, 3p and 3d orbitals (Only graphical representation). Radial and angular nodes and their significance. Radial distribution functions and the concept of the most probable distance with special reference to 1s and 2s atomic orbitals. Significance of quantum numbers, orbital angular momentum and quantum numbers ml and ms. Shapes of s, p and d atomic orbitals, nodal planes. Discovery of spin, spin quantum number (s) and magnetic spin quantum number (ms). Effective nuclear charge. Slater's Rules. *Stability of half-filled and completely filled orbitals,*concept of exchange energy. Relative energies of atomic orbitals, Anomalous electronic configurations.

Prelearning topics: Bohr’s theory and its limitations, Black body radiation, dual behaviour of matter and radiation, de Broglie’s relation, Heisenberg Uncertainty principle. Hydrogen atom spectra. Need of a new approach to Atomic structure.

Quantum mechanics: Postulates of quantum mechanics, Introduction, time independent Schrodinger equation and meaning of various terms in it. Significance of ψ and ψ², Schrödinger equation for hydrogen atom. Radial and angular parts of the hydrogenic wave functions (atomic orbitals) and their variations for 1s, 2s, 2p, 3s, 3p and 3d orbitals (Only graphical representation). Radial and angular nodes and their significance. Radial distribution functions and the concept of the most probable distance with special reference to 1s and 2s atomic orbitals. Significance of quantum numbers, orbital angular momentum and quantum numbers ml and ms. Shapes of s, p and d atomic orbitals, nodal planes. Discovery of spin, spin quantum number (s) and magnetic spin quantum number (ms). Effective nuclear charge. Slater's Rules. *Stability of half-filled and completely filled orbitals,*concept of exchange energy. Relative energies of atomic orbitals, Anomalous electronic configurations.

Ionic Bonding: General characteristics of ionic bonding. ^#Energy considerations in ionic bonding, lattice energy and solvation energy and their importance in the context of stability and solubility of ionic compounds. Statement of Born-Landé equation for calculation of lattice energy, Born-Haber cycle and its applications, polarizing power and polarizability. Fajan’s rules, ionic character in covalent compounds, bond moment, dipole moment and percentage ionic character.

Covalent bonding: VB Approach: Shapes of some inorganic molecules and ions on the basis of VSEPR and hybridization with suitable examples of linear, trigonal planar, square planar, tetrahedral, trigonal bipyramidal and octahedral arrangements. Concept of resonance and resonating structures in various inorganic compounds.

MO Approach: Rules for the LCAO method, bonding and antibonding MOs and their characteristics for s-s, s-p and p-p combinations of atomic orbitals, nonbonding combination of orbitals, MO treatment of homonuclear diatomic molecules (O₂, N₂) of 1st and 2nd periods (including idea of s-p mixing) and heteronuclear diatomic molecules such as CO, NO and NO⁺. Comparison of VB and MO approaches.

Ionic Bonding: General characteristics of ionic bonding. ^#Energy considerations in ionic bonding, lattice energy and solvation energy and their importance in the context of stability and solubility of ionic compounds. Statement of Born-Landé equation for calculation of lattice energy, Born-Haber cycle and its applications, polarizing power and polarizability. Fajan’s rules, ionic character in covalent compounds, bond moment, dipole moment and percentage ionic character.

Covalent bonding: VB Approach: Shapes of some inorganic molecules and ions on the basis of VSEPR and hybridization with suitable examples of linear, trigonal planar, square planar, tetrahedral, trigonal bipyramidal and octahedral arrangements. Concept of resonance and resonating structures in various inorganic compounds.

MO Approach: Rules for the LCAO method, bonding and antibonding MOs and their characteristics for s-s, s-p and p-p combinations of atomic orbitals, nonbonding combination of orbitals, MO treatment of homonuclear diatomic molecules (O₂, N₂) of 1st and 2nd periods (including idea of s-p mixing) and heteronuclear diatomic molecules such as CO, NO and NO⁺. Comparison of VB and MO approaches.

Ionic Bonding: General characteristics of ionic bonding. ^#Energy considerations in ionic bonding, lattice energy and solvation energy and their importance in the context of stability and solubility of ionic compounds. Statement of Born-Landé equation for calculation of lattice energy, Born-Haber cycle and its applications, polarizing power and polarizability. Fajan’s rules, ionic character in covalent compounds, bond moment, dipole moment and percentage ionic character.

Covalent bonding: VB Approach: Shapes of some inorganic molecules and ions on the basis of VSEPR and hybridization with suitable examples of linear, trigonal planar, square planar, tetrahedral, trigonal bipyramidal and octahedral arrangements. Concept of resonance and resonating structures in various inorganic compounds.

MO Approach: Rules for the LCAO method, bonding and antibonding MOs and their characteristics for s-s, s-p and p-p combinations of atomic orbitals, nonbonding combination of orbitals, MO treatment of homonuclear diatomic molecules (O₂, N₂) of 1st and 2nd periods (including idea of s-p mixing) and heteronuclear diatomic molecules such as CO, NO and NO⁺. Comparison of VB and MO approaches.

Prelearning topics: Hybridizations, bond lengths, bond angles, bond energy. Localized and delocalized chemical bond, polarity of bonds, types of chemical reactions

Electronic Displacements: Inductive Effect, Electromeric Effect, Resonance, Hyperconjugation and steric effect. Effect of the above on strength of organic acids and bases: Comparative study with emphasis on factors affecting pK values. Cleavage of Bonds: Homolysis and Heterolysis. Nucleophiles and electrophiles. Reactive Intermediates: Carbocations, Carbanions, free radicals and carbenes - Structure, shape and reactivity of organic intermediates. Types of organic reactions: Addition, elimination, substitution, rearrangement and redox reactions (definition and one example each). 

Prelearning topics: Hybridizations, bond lengths, bond angles, bond energy. Localized and delocalized chemical bond, polarity of bonds, types of chemical reactions

Electronic Displacements: Inductive Effect, Electromeric Effect, Resonance, Hyperconjugation and steric effect. Effect of the above on strength of organic acids and bases: Comparative study with emphasis on factors affecting pK values. Cleavage of Bonds: Homolysis and Heterolysis. Nucleophiles and electrophiles. Reactive Intermediates: Carbocations, Carbanions, free radicals and carbenes - Structure, shape and reactivity of organic intermediates. Types of organic reactions: Addition, elimination, substitution, rearrangement and redox reactions (definition and one example each). 

Prelearning topics: Hybridizations, bond lengths, bond angles, bond energy. Localized and delocalized chemical bond, polarity of bonds, types of chemical reactions

Electronic Displacements: Inductive Effect, Electromeric Effect, Resonance, Hyperconjugation and steric effect. Effect of the above on strength of organic acids and bases: Comparative study with emphasis on factors affecting pK values. Cleavage of Bonds: Homolysis and Heterolysis. Nucleophiles and electrophiles. Reactive Intermediates: Carbocations, Carbanions, free radicals and carbenes - Structure, shape and reactivity of organic intermediates. Types of organic reactions: Addition, elimination, substitution, rearrangement and redox reactions (definition and one example each). 

Prelearning topics: Classification, Nomenclature and sources of organic compounds.

Alkanes: (Upto 5 Carbons)

Preparation: Catalytic hydrogenation, from Grignard reagent. Reactions: Free radical Substitution: Halogenation. Selectivity and reactivity. (Mechanisms)

Cycloalkanes-Relative stabilities-Baeyer’s strain theory-Sache-Mohr theory of strainless rings.

Alkenes: (Upto 5 Carbons)

Preparation: Elimination reactions: Dehydration of alkenes and dehydrohalogenation of alkyl halides (Saytzeff’s rule); cis alkenes (Partial catalytic hydrogenation) and trans alkenes (Birch reduction). Mention stereoselective and regioselective reactions. Reactions: cis addition (alk. KMnO₄) and trans-addition (bromine), Addition of HX (Markownikoff’s and anti-Markownikoff’s addition with mechanisms), Hydration, Ozonolysis, Hydroboration-oxidation.

Alkynes: (Upto 5 Carbons)                                                                                          

Prelearning topics: geminal and vicinal dihalides, basic concepts of addition and oxidation reactions.  Preparation: Acetylene from CaC₂ and conversion into higher alkynes; by dehalogenation of tetra halides and dehydrohalogenation of vicinal-dihalides.

Reactions: formation of metal acetylides, addition of bromine and alkaline KMnO₄, ozonolysis and oxidation with hot alkaline KMnO₄.

Prelearning topics: Classification, Nomenclature and sources of organic compounds.

Alkanes: (Upto 5 Carbons)

Preparation: Catalytic hydrogenation, from Grignard reagent. Reactions: Free radical Substitution: Halogenation. Selectivity and reactivity. (Mechanisms)

Cycloalkanes-Relative stabilities-Baeyer’s strain theory-Sache-Mohr theory of strainless rings.

Alkenes: (Upto 5 Carbons)

Preparation: Elimination reactions: Dehydration of alkenes and dehydrohalogenation of alkyl halides (Saytzeff’s rule); cis alkenes (Partial catalytic hydrogenation) and trans alkenes (Birch reduction). Mention stereoselective and regioselective reactions. Reactions: cis addition (alk. KMnO₄) and trans-addition (bromine), Addition of HX (Markownikoff’s and anti-Markownikoff’s addition with mechanisms), Hydration, Ozonolysis, Hydroboration-oxidation.

Alkynes: (Upto 5 Carbons)                                                                                          

Prelearning topics: geminal and vicinal dihalides, basic concepts of addition and oxidation reactions.  Preparation: Acetylene from CaC₂ and conversion into higher alkynes; by dehalogenation of tetra halides and dehydrohalogenation of vicinal-dihalides.

Reactions: formation of metal acetylides, addition of bromine and alkaline KMnO₄, ozonolysis and oxidation with hot alkaline KMnO₄.

Prelearning topics: Classification, Nomenclature and sources of organic compounds.

Alkanes: (Upto 5 Carbons)

Preparation: Catalytic hydrogenation, from Grignard reagent. Reactions: Free radical Substitution: Halogenation. Selectivity and reactivity. (Mechanisms)

Cycloalkanes-Relative stabilities-Baeyer’s strain theory-Sache-Mohr theory of strainless rings.

Alkenes: (Upto 5 Carbons)

Preparation: Elimination reactions: Dehydration of alkenes and dehydrohalogenation of alkyl halides (Saytzeff’s rule); cis alkenes (Partial catalytic hydrogenation) and trans alkenes (Birch reduction). Mention stereoselective and regioselective reactions. Reactions: cis addition (alk. KMnO₄) and trans-addition (bromine), Addition of HX (Markownikoff’s and anti-Markownikoff’s addition with mechanisms), Hydration, Ozonolysis, Hydroboration-oxidation.

Alkynes: (Upto 5 Carbons)                                                                                          

Prelearning topics: geminal and vicinal dihalides, basic concepts of addition and oxidation reactions.  Preparation: Acetylene from CaC₂ and conversion into higher alkynes; by dehalogenation of tetra halides and dehydrohalogenation of vicinal-dihalides.

Reactions: formation of metal acetylides, addition of bromine and alkaline KMnO₄, ozonolysis and oxidation with hot alkaline KMnO₄.

[2]  Bahl, A. &Bahl, B.S. Advanced Organic Chemistry, S. Chand, 2010.

[3]  B. Mehta, M. Mehta, Organic Chemistry, PHI Learning Private Limited, 2017.

[2]  D.A. Skoog, D.M. West, F.J. Holler and S.R. Crouch, Fundamentals of Analytical Chemistry, 8th Edition, Brooks/Cole, Thomson Learning, Inc., USA, 2004.

[3]  J. D. Lee, Concise Inorganic Chemistry, 5th ed., Blackwell Science, London, 2010.

[4]  Satya Prakash, Advanced Inorganic Chemistry, Volume 1, 5th Edition, S. Chand and Sons, New Delhi, 2012.

[5]  R.K. Prasad, Quantum Chemistry, New Age International, 2001

[6]  McQuarrie, J. D. Simon, Physical Chemistry – A molecular Approach, Viva Books.

[7]  I. N. Levine, Physical Chemistry, Tata McGraw Hill,

[8]  ManasChanda, Atomic structure and Chemical bonding in Molecular Spectroscopy” Tata McGraw Hill.

[9]  J. D. Lee, Concise Inorganic Chemistry, 5th edn., Blackwell Science, London.

[10]   B. R. Puri, L. R. Sharma, Kalia, Principles of Inorganic Chemistry, Milestone Publishers, New Delhi.

[11]   F. A. Cotton, G. Wilkinson and P. L. Gaus, Basic Inorganic Chemistry, 3rd ed., John Wiley.

[12]   B. Douglas, D. Mc Daniel, J. Alexander, Concepts and models in Inorganic Chemistry.

[13]   R. Gopalan, Inorganic Chemistry for Undergraduates, Universities Press, Hyderabad, 2009.

[14]   Jain and Sharma Modern Organic Chemistry 3^rd edition, Vishal Publishing Company, 2009.

[15]   R. T Morrison, and R. N. Boyd. Organic Chemistry.  7^thed. New Delhi: Prentice-Hall of India (P) Ltd., 2010.

[16]   S.M. Mukherji, S. P. Singh, and R. P. Kapoor. Organic Chemistry. 3^rd, 12th Reprint, New Delhi: New Age International (P) Ltd. Publishers, 2009.

[17]   I. L Finar, Organic Chemistry Vol. II, 5^thed. New Delhi: ELBS and Longman Ltd., reprint 2008.

This course is intended to impart basic analytical skills with an emphasis on volumetric analysis. It also emphasizes the importance of organized and systematic approach in carrying out experiments.

1.     Calibration of glassware.

2.     Determination of the surface tension of a liquid or a dilute solution using a stalagmometer.

3.     Study of the variation of surface tension of a detergent solution with concentration.

4.     Determination of viscosity of a liquid.

5.     Estimation of oxalic acid by titrating it with KMnO₄.

6.     Estimation of water of crystallization in Mohr’s salt by titrating with KMnO₄.

7.     Estimation of Fe (II) ions by titrating it with K₂Cr₂O₇ using internal indicator.

8.     Estimation of Fe (II) ions by titrating it with K₂Cr₂O₇ using external indicator.

9.     Estimation of Cu (II) ions iodometrically using Na₂S₂O₃.

10.  Estimation of total alkalinity of water samples (CO₃^2-, HCO^3-) using double titration method.

11.  Measurement of chlorides in water samples by titrimetry (AgNO₃ and potassium chromate)

1.     Calibration of glassware.

2.     Determination of the surface tension of a liquid or a dilute solution using a stalagmometer.

3.     Study of the variation of surface tension of a detergent solution with concentration.

4.     Determination of viscosity of a liquid.

5.     Estimation of oxalic acid by titrating it with KMnO₄.

6.     Estimation of water of crystallization in Mohr’s salt by titrating with KMnO₄.

7.     Estimation of Fe (II) ions by titrating it with K₂Cr₂O₇ using internal indicator.

8.     Estimation of Fe (II) ions by titrating it with K₂Cr₂O₇ using external indicator.

9.     Estimation of Cu (II) ions iodometrically using Na₂S₂O₃.

10.  Estimation of total alkalinity of water samples (CO₃^2-, HCO^3-) using double titration method.

11.  Measurement of chlorides in water samples by titrimetry (AgNO₃ and potassium chromate)

1.     Calibration of glassware.

2.     Determination of the surface tension of a liquid or a dilute solution using a stalagmometer.

3.     Study of the variation of surface tension of a detergent solution with concentration.

4.     Determination of viscosity of a liquid.

5.     Estimation of oxalic acid by titrating it with KMnO₄.

6.     Estimation of water of crystallization in Mohr’s salt by titrating with KMnO₄.

7.     Estimation of Fe (II) ions by titrating it with K₂Cr₂O₇ using internal indicator.

8.     Estimation of Fe (II) ions by titrating it with K₂Cr₂O₇ using external indicator.

9.     Estimation of Cu (II) ions iodometrically using Na₂S₂O₃.

10.  Estimation of total alkalinity of water samples (CO₃^2-, HCO^3-) using double titration method.

11.  Measurement of chlorides in water samples by titrimetry (AgNO₃ and potassium chromate)

[2]  Mendham, J. Vogel’s Quantitative Chemical Analysis, Pearson, 2009.

[2]  Mendham, J. Vogel’s Quantitative Chemical Analysis, Pearson, 2009.

1.  Continuous internal assessment of Practicals …………            20 Marks

2.  Mid-Sem practical Test …………………………………         20 Marks

3.  Record assessment ………………………………………         10 Marks

4.  End-semester Practical examination …………………..           50 Marks

  (Viva voce –10 marks; Performing experiment –  40 marks)      

                                 TOTAL                                                100 Marks

This course is aimed at creating awareness among the undergraduate students about the role of chemistry in day- to- day life. To learn more about cosmetics, their ingredients and other common chemicals used in daily life. This will help in selecting the appropriate products from the wide range available in the market. This will also develop in them, a sense of judicious use of cosmetics and other chemicals and also enhancement of self-esteem through proper grooming.

Introduction to cosmetic chemistry

Introduction to cosmetic chemistry

Introduction to cosmetic chemistry

Composition and property: Demonstration of Preparation of cold creams and vanishing cream

Composition and property: Demonstration of Preparation of cold creams and vanishing cream

Composition and property: Demonstration of Preparation of cold creams and vanishing cream

Composition and how they work       

Composition and how they work       

Composition and how they work       

Ccomposition and cleansing action, Demonstration of Preparation of a mouthwash, tooth powder and tooth paste                  

Ccomposition and cleansing action, Demonstration of Preparation of a mouthwash, tooth powder and tooth paste                  

Ccomposition and cleansing action, Demonstration of Preparation of a mouthwash, tooth powder and tooth paste                  

Composition and properties Demonstration of Preparation of an aftershave lotion and shaving cream

Composition and properties Demonstration of Preparation of an aftershave lotion and shaving cream

Composition and properties Demonstration of Preparation of an aftershave lotion and shaving cream

Composition and their action Demonstration of Preparation of shampoos

Composition and their action Demonstration of Preparation of shampoos

Composition and their action Demonstration of Preparation of shampoos

Composition and function Demonstration of  Preparation of face powders          

Composition and function Demonstration of  Preparation of face powders          

Composition and function Demonstration of  Preparation of face powders          

Demonstration of Preparation of lipsticks  

Demonstration of Preparation of lipsticks  

Demonstration of Preparation of lipsticks  

Composition and cleansing action

Composition and cleansing action

Composition and cleansing action

Composition and working

Composition and working

Composition and working

[2].  John Suchocki Conceptual Chemistry, 2^nd Ed.Pearson Education. Inc. 2003

[3].John W. Hill, Doris K. Kolb Chemistry for changing times, 9^th Ed. 2004

[2].  John Suchocki Conceptual Chemistry, 2^nd Ed.Pearson Education. Inc. 2003

[3].John W. Hill, Doris K. Kolb Chemistry for changing times, 9^th Ed. 2004

 This course is designed to foster a deep understanding of the quality of water and soil while instilling a sense of social responsibility and commitment to environmental stewardship.

Importance of water and soil analysis - the critical role of water and soil in ecosystems and human activities, significance in environmental sustainability, agriculture, and public health.Relevant regulations and standards governing water and soil quality, and the importance of these regulations for environmental protection. Overview of the various techniques used in water and soil analysis.Water Sampling and Preservation -Collection techniques for samples: Procedures for gathering water samples from various sources and for diverse analytical parameters. Preservation methods for water samples from different sources and various sample types.

Importance of water and soil analysis - the critical role of water and soil in ecosystems and human activities, significance in environmental sustainability, agriculture, and public health.Relevant regulations and standards governing water and soil quality, and the importance of these regulations for environmental protection. Overview of the various techniques used in water and soil analysis.Water Sampling and Preservation -Collection techniques for samples: Procedures for gathering water samples from various sources and for diverse analytical parameters. Preservation methods for water samples from different sources and various sample types.

Importance of water and soil analysis - the critical role of water and soil in ecosystems and human activities, significance in environmental sustainability, agriculture, and public health.Relevant regulations and standards governing water and soil quality, and the importance of these regulations for environmental protection. Overview of the various techniques used in water and soil analysis.Water Sampling and Preservation -Collection techniques for samples: Procedures for gathering water samples from various sources and for diverse analytical parameters. Preservation methods for water samples from different sources and various sample types.

Advanced water quality parameters- heavy metal content, pesticides and organic compounds, microplastic content, microbiological analysis- their significance and principles of analytical methods used to quantify them.

Advanced water quality parameters- heavy metal content, pesticides and organic compounds, microplastic content, microbiological analysis- their significance and principles of analytical methods used to quantify them.

Advanced water quality parameters- heavy metal content, pesticides and organic compounds, microplastic content, microbiological analysis- their significance and principles of analytical methods used to quantify them.

Determination of soil nutrient content: nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium identification of heavy metal contamination through spectrophotometric methods. Interpretation of soil and water analysis Data-Data analysis techniques, Interpretation of the data, checking the accuracy of data, Reporting of soil and water analysis data.

Determination of soil nutrient content: nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium identification of heavy metal contamination through spectrophotometric methods. Interpretation of soil and water analysis Data-Data analysis techniques, Interpretation of the data, checking the accuracy of data, Reporting of soil and water analysis data.

Determination of soil nutrient content: nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium identification of heavy metal contamination through spectrophotometric methods. Interpretation of soil and water analysis Data-Data analysis techniques, Interpretation of the data, checking the accuracy of data, Reporting of soil and water analysis data.

2.     Water quality monitoring: A practical guide to the design and implementation of freshwater quality studies and monitoring programs Bartram J, Ballance World Health Organization, United Nations Environment Programme,1996.

3.     Chemistry for Environmental Engineering and Science, Clair N. Sawyer, Perry L. McCarty, and Gene F. Parkin, McGraw-Hill Education, 2003.

4.     Soil Sampling and Methods of Analysis by M.R. Carter and E.G. Gregorich, CRC Press, 2007

5. Soil Analysis: An Interpretation Manual, Edited by KI Peverill, LA Sparrow, DJ Reuter, CSIRO Publishing, 1999 

• To expose learners to a variety of texts to interact with
• To help learners classify ideologies and be able to express the same
• To expose learners to visual texts and its reading formulas
• To help learners develop a taste to appreciate works of literature through the organization of language
• To help develop critical thinking
• To help learners appreciate literature and the language nuances that enhances its literary values

• To help learners understand the relationship between the world around them and the text/literature
• To help learners negotiate with content and infer meaning contextually
• To help learners understand logical sequencing of content and process information

·         To help improve their communication skills for larger academic purposes and vocational purposes

·         To enable learners to learn the contextual use of words and the generic meaning

·         To enable learners to listen to audio content and infer contextual meaning

·         To enable learners to be able to speak for various purposes and occasions using context specific language and expressions

·         To enable learners to develop the ability to write for various purposes using suitable and precise language.

• 1. The Happy Prince- Oscar Wilde
• 2. Sonnet 18- William Shakespeare

Common errors- subject-verb agreement, punctuation, tense errors  Just a minute talk, cubing

• 1. The Happy Prince- Oscar Wilde
• 2. Sonnet 18- William Shakespeare

Common errors- subject-verb agreement, punctuation, tense errors  Just a minute talk, cubing

• 1. The Happy Prince- Oscar Wilde
• 2. Sonnet 18- William Shakespeare

Common errors- subject-verb agreement, punctuation, tense errors  Just a minute talk, cubing

• 1. The Happy Prince- Oscar Wilde
• 2. Sonnet 18- William Shakespeare

Common errors- subject-verb agreement, punctuation, tense errors  Just a minute talk, cubing

• 1. The Happy Prince- Oscar Wilde
• 2. Sonnet 18- William Shakespeare

Common errors- subject-verb agreement, punctuation, tense errors  Just a minute talk, cubing

• 1. The Happy Prince- Oscar Wilde
• 2. Sonnet 18- William Shakespeare

Common errors- subject-verb agreement, punctuation, tense errors  Just a minute talk, cubing

• 1. The Happy Prince- Oscar Wilde
• 2. Sonnet 18- William Shakespeare

Common errors- subject-verb agreement, punctuation, tense errors  Just a minute talk, cubing

• 1. The Happy Prince- Oscar Wilde
• 2. Sonnet 18- William Shakespeare

Common errors- subject-verb agreement, punctuation, tense errors  Just a minute talk, cubing

• 1. The Happy Prince- Oscar Wilde
• 2. Sonnet 18- William Shakespeare

Common errors- subject-verb agreement, punctuation, tense errors  Just a minute talk, cubing

• 1. The Happy Prince- Oscar Wilde
• 2. Sonnet 18- William Shakespeare

Common errors- subject-verb agreement, punctuation, tense errors  Just a minute talk, cubing

• 1. The Happy Prince- Oscar Wilde
• 2. Sonnet 18- William Shakespeare

Common errors- subject-verb agreement, punctuation, tense errors  Just a minute talk, cubing

• 1. The Happy Prince- Oscar Wilde
• 2. Sonnet 18- William Shakespeare

Common errors- subject-verb agreement, punctuation, tense errors  Just a minute talk, cubing

• 1. The Happy Prince- Oscar Wilde
• 2. Sonnet 18- William Shakespeare

Common errors- subject-verb agreement, punctuation, tense errors  Just a minute talk, cubing

• 1. The Happy Prince- Oscar Wilde
• 2. Sonnet 18- William Shakespeare

Common errors- subject-verb agreement, punctuation, tense errors  Just a minute talk, cubing

• 1. The Happy Prince- Oscar Wilde
• 2. Sonnet 18- William Shakespeare

Common errors- subject-verb agreement, punctuation, tense errors  Just a minute talk, cubing

• 1. The Happy Prince- Oscar Wilde
• 2. Sonnet 18- William Shakespeare

Common errors- subject-verb agreement, punctuation, tense errors  Just a minute talk, cubing

• 1. The Happy Prince- Oscar Wilde
• 2. Sonnet 18- William Shakespeare

Common errors- subject-verb agreement, punctuation, tense errors  Just a minute talk, cubing

• 1. The Happy Prince- Oscar Wilde
• 2. Sonnet 18- William Shakespeare

Common errors- subject-verb agreement, punctuation, tense errors  Just a minute talk, cubing

• 1. The Happy Prince- Oscar Wilde
• 2. Sonnet 18- William Shakespeare

Common errors- subject-verb agreement, punctuation, tense errors  Just a minute talk, cubing

• 1. The Happy Prince- Oscar Wilde
• 2. Sonnet 18- William Shakespeare

Common errors- subject-verb agreement, punctuation, tense errors  Just a minute talk, cubing

• 1. The Happy Prince- Oscar Wilde
• 2. Sonnet 18- William Shakespeare

Common errors- subject-verb agreement, punctuation, tense errors  Just a minute talk, cubing

• 1. The Happy Prince- Oscar Wilde
• 2. Sonnet 18- William Shakespeare

Common errors- subject-verb agreement, punctuation, tense errors  Just a minute talk, cubing

• 1. The Happy Prince- Oscar Wilde
• 2. Sonnet 18- William Shakespeare

Common errors- subject-verb agreement, punctuation, tense errors  Just a minute talk, cubing

• 1. The Happy Prince- Oscar Wilde
• 2. Sonnet 18- William Shakespeare

Common errors- subject-verb agreement, punctuation, tense errors  Just a minute talk, cubing

• 1. The Happy Prince- Oscar Wilde
• 2. Sonnet 18- William Shakespeare

Common errors- subject-verb agreement, punctuation, tense errors  Just a minute talk, cubing

• 1. The Happy Prince- Oscar Wilde
• 2. Sonnet 18- William Shakespeare

Common errors- subject-verb agreement, punctuation, tense errors  Just a minute talk, cubing

• 1. The Happy Prince- Oscar Wilde
• 2. Sonnet 18- William Shakespeare

Common errors- subject-verb agreement, punctuation, tense errors  Just a minute talk, cubing

• 1. The Happy Prince- Oscar Wilde
• 2. Sonnet 18- William Shakespeare

Common errors- subject-verb agreement, punctuation, tense errors  Just a minute talk, cubing

• 1. The Happy Prince- Oscar Wilde
• 2. Sonnet 18- William Shakespeare

Common errors- subject-verb agreement, punctuation, tense errors  Just a minute talk, cubing

• 1. The Happy Prince- Oscar Wilde
• 2. Sonnet 18- William Shakespeare

Common errors- subject-verb agreement, punctuation, tense errors  Just a minute talk, cubing

• 1. The Happy Prince- Oscar Wilde
• 2. Sonnet 18- William Shakespeare

Common errors- subject-verb agreement, punctuation, tense errors  Just a minute talk, cubing

• 1. The Happy Prince- Oscar Wilde
• 2. Sonnet 18- William Shakespeare

Common errors- subject-verb agreement, punctuation, tense errors  Just a minute talk, cubing

• 1. The Happy Prince- Oscar Wilde
• 2. Sonnet 18- William Shakespeare

Common errors- subject-verb agreement, punctuation, tense errors  Just a minute talk, cubing

• 1. The Happy Prince- Oscar Wilde
• 2. Sonnet 18- William Shakespeare

Common errors- subject-verb agreement, punctuation, tense errors  Just a minute talk, cubing

• 1. The Happy Prince- Oscar Wilde
• 2. Sonnet 18- William Shakespeare

Common errors- subject-verb agreement, punctuation, tense errors  Just a minute talk, cubing

• 1. The Happy Prince- Oscar Wilde
• 2. Sonnet 18- William Shakespeare

Common errors- subject-verb agreement, punctuation, tense errors  Just a minute talk, cubing

• 1. The Happy Prince- Oscar Wilde
• 2. Sonnet 18- William Shakespeare

Common errors- subject-verb agreement, punctuation, tense errors  Just a minute talk, cubing

• 1. The Happy Prince- Oscar Wilde
• 2. Sonnet 18- William Shakespeare

Common errors- subject-verb agreement, punctuation, tense errors  Just a minute talk, cubing

• 1. The Happy Prince- Oscar Wilde
• 2. Sonnet 18- William Shakespeare

Common errors- subject-verb agreement, punctuation, tense errors  Just a minute talk, cubing

• 1. The Happy Prince- Oscar Wilde
• 2. Sonnet 18- William Shakespeare

Common errors- subject-verb agreement, punctuation, tense errors  Just a minute talk, cubing

• 1. The Happy Prince- Oscar Wilde
• 2. Sonnet 18- William Shakespeare

Common errors- subject-verb agreement, punctuation, tense errors  Just a minute talk, cubing

• 1. The Happy Prince- Oscar Wilde
• 2. Sonnet 18- William Shakespeare

Common errors- subject-verb agreement, punctuation, tense errors  Just a minute talk, cubing

• 1. The Happy Prince- Oscar Wilde
• 2. Sonnet 18- William Shakespeare

Common errors- subject-verb agreement, punctuation, tense errors  Just a minute talk, cubing

• 1. The Happy Prince- Oscar Wilde
• 2. Sonnet 18- William Shakespeare

Common errors- subject-verb agreement, punctuation, tense errors  Just a minute talk, cubing

• 1. The Happy Prince- Oscar Wilde
• 2. Sonnet 18- William Shakespeare

Common errors- subject-verb agreement, punctuation, tense errors  Just a minute talk, cubing

• 1. The Happy Prince- Oscar Wilde
• 2. Sonnet 18- William Shakespeare

Common errors- subject-verb agreement, punctuation, tense errors  Just a minute talk, cubing

• 1. The Happy Prince- Oscar Wilde
• 2. Sonnet 18- William Shakespeare

Common errors- subject-verb agreement, punctuation, tense errors  Just a minute talk, cubing

• 1. The Happy Prince- Oscar Wilde
• 2. Sonnet 18- William Shakespeare

Common errors- subject-verb agreement, punctuation, tense errors  Just a minute talk, cubing

• 1. The Happy Prince- Oscar Wilde
• 2. Sonnet 18- William Shakespeare

Common errors- subject-verb agreement, punctuation, tense errors  Just a minute talk, cubing

• 1. The Happy Prince- Oscar Wilde
• 2. Sonnet 18- William Shakespeare

Common errors- subject-verb agreement, punctuation, tense errors  Just a minute talk, cubing